This post will explain basic electromagnetism concepts. Therefore is destined for beginners in the area.
Electrons
All matter is made of atoms. An atom is a particle organization with positive charges (protons), negative (electrons), and neutral (neutrons).
Electricity is about phenomena that involve electrons and your moves. Neutral charges do not have a lack or excess of electrons. Positive charges are charges with fewer electrons than the neutral equivalent, while negative charges have more electrons than the neutral equivalent. Evidently when more lack or excess electrons, greater the object’s charge.
Charges with equal signals repel each other and charges with opposite signals attract each other.
Coulomb’s Law determines that the repulsion or attraction force between charges is inversely proportional to distance, in other words, closer, greater the force, and further, lesser the force.
\large F=\frac{1}{4\pi \varepsilon _o}\frac{\left | q1 \right |\left | q2 \right |}{r^{2}}
F is the electrical force, d is the distance between the charges, q1 and q2 are charges values in coulomb (C), \varepsilon _o is the vacuum permissibility constant which value is 8,85\times 10^{-12} C^{2}/N\cdot m^{2}. You can also adopt is following constant:
\large k=\frac{1}{4\pi \varepsilon _{o}} = 8,99\times 10^{9} N\cdot m^{2}/C^{2}
Positive charges create a divergent electrical field and negative charges create a convergent electrical field.
Tension or potential difference
Every point in an electric field has an electric potential. Just like the electrical force is inversely proportional to the distance, but not at a square of distance.
\large V=\frac{1}{4\pi \varepsilon _{o}}\frac{q}{r}
A potential difference between two points in an electrical field that is not on the same equipotential surface.
\large U=V_{1}-V_{2}
\large U=\frac{1}{4\pi \varepsilon _{o}}\frac{Q}{r_{1}}-\frac{1}{4\pi \varepsilon _{o}}\frac{Q}{r_{2}}
\large U=\frac{1}{4\pi \varepsilon _{o}}\frac{Q}{(d_{1}-d_{2})}
Potential difference is also called tension. When two points are linked with a conductor, it is created a current, which comes from greater potential to the lesser. Actually, the electron flux is in the opposite direction of the current flux.
Why the current flux is in the opposite direction of the electron flux? The reason is that for a long time it was believed that the positive charges moved, later they discovered that the electrons move in the electrical current. “Positive” and “Negative” are arbitrary concepts to charges, which could tell that the electrons have a positive charge. For convection, it was considered that the electrical current is charge flux and not particle flux.
Continuous current and alternate current
There are two types of current: continuous current and alternate current. The continuous current is constant in time, while the alternate varies in time and changes direction periodically. In the figure, we have a continuous current in red and an alternate current in blue.
Continuous current (CC) can be obtained with batteries and DC sources, while alternate current (CA) is obtained in the electrical outlet in homes.
Magnetism
There are two ways to produce magnetic fields: natural magnets and electrical current. An electrical current produces a magnetic field. \large \vec{B} is the magnetic field and \large \vec{I} is the current.
The directions of current and field are determined by the right-hand’s rule.
Parallel currents in equal directions attract each other and parallel currents with opposite directions repel each other.
The equation to calculate the force:
\large F_{12}=\frac{\mu _{0}LI_{1}I_{2}}{2\pi d}
L is the conductor length, I_{1} and I_{2} are current values, d is the distance between the conductors and \large\mu _{0} is the vacuum magnetic permeability which is \large 4\pi \cdot 10^{-7}\frac{T\cdot m}{A}.Continuous current (DC) produces a magnetic field, and alternate current (CA) produces an electromagnetic wave, which is a variation of electrical and magnetic fields.
